Formal Essay in Human Relationships and Life Transitions Being an Adult Essay

All through this article, I will talk about the change of youth. This change is a phase of advancement among adolescence and adulthood, from around 12 to 20 years old. This progress from youth to adulthood is smooth for some yet unpleasant for others(Caspi, 2000). This exposition will examine unsurprising and non-unsurprising components of the change. Wellbeing in puberty gives this includes drugs and liquor misuse and explicitly transmitted contaminations (STIs) are named erratic components. Physical Development (body development and physical changes during youthfulness) or Puberty and Cognitive Development are delegated an anticipated component during the progress. It will likewise investigate the effect on connections and ideas of self for people undertaking the progress. Moreover, it will ponder the commitments of contemporary and original creators to portray the contrasts between the two past and presents creators/researcher’s hypotheses in comprehension of the youthfulness life changes. Another factor that will be examined is simply the idea during the change, and afterward at long last it will completely clarify the significance for medical caretakers to comprehend the immaturity progress. A.The significance of unsurprising and unusual components in Adolescence advances will help with distinguishing the huge changes in each life occasion progress. Additionally, it will likewise profit in supporting immature to meet testing changes all through the progress. The main unsurprising component is pubescence the natural progress of youthfulness, the most recognizable indication of being a pre-adult. Hypothetically, adolescence alludes as an aggregate term to allude to all the physical changes that happen in the developing young lady or kid as the individual goes from youth into adulthood(Habermas and Bluck, 2000). In young men a significant change is the expanded creation of testosterone, a male sex hormone, while young ladies experience expanded creation of the female hormone oestrogen(Dedovic, Wadiwalla, Engert, and Pruessner, 2009). In young men a significant change is the expanded creation of testosterone, a male sex hormone, while young ladies experience expanded creation of the female hormone estrogen (Carpentier and Fortenberry, 2010). Inside, through the advancement of primary sexual attributes, teenagers become fit for sexual propagation. Remotely, as optional sexual attributes show up, young ladies and young men start to look like develop ladies and men. In young men essential and auxiliary sexual attributes as a rule develop in an anticipated request, with the fast development of the testicles and scrotum, joined by the presence of pubic hair. In later years, it will start the development of facial and body hair, and a progressive speaking with a softer tone. Around mid-immaturity inner changes start making a kid fit for creating and discharging sperm. In young ladies, sexual qualities create in a less customary arrangement. As a rule, the primary indication of adolescence is a slight rise of the bosoms, however once in a while this is gone before by the presence of pubic hair. In high school young ladies, inward sexual changes incorporate development of the uterus, vagina, and different pieces of the regenerative framework. Menarche(Cochrane, 1993). Ordinary ovulation and the capacity to convey an infant to full term typically follow menarche by quite a long while. The second unsurprising component is Cognitive Development progress a second component of the entry through puberty is a psychological transition(Champion and Collins, 2010). Contrasted with youngsters, youths think in manners that are further developed, progressively effective, and by and large increasingly intricate. Youthfulness people become preferable capable over youngsters to consider what is conceivable, rather than constraining their idea to what exactly is genuine. Though children’s believing is situated to the here and nowâ€that is, to things and occasions that they can watch straightforwardly, young people can consider what they see against a scenery of what is possibleâ€they can think speculatively. Second, during the section into youth, people become better ready to consider unique thoughts. This is unmistakably found in the adolescent’s expanded office and enthusiasm for contemplating relational connections, governmental issues, reasoning, religion, and moralityâ€topics that include such unique ideas as companionship, confidence, majority rules system, decency, and trustworthiness. Third, during pre-adulthood people starts considering the way toward deduction itself, or metacognition. Therefore, teenagers may show expanded reflection and hesitance. In spite of the fact that upgrades in metacognitive capacities give significant scholarly points of interest, one conceivably negative result of these advances is the inclination for youths to build up such an egocentrism, or extreme distraction with oneself. Intense juvenile egocentrism some of the time persuades that others are continually watching and assessing them, much as a crowd of people sticks its regard for an on-screen character on a phase. Though youngsters will in general consider things each viewpoint in turn, teenagers can see things through progressively convoluted focal points. Youths depict themselves as well as other people in progressively separated and confused terms and think that its simpler to take a gander at issues from various points of view. The erratic components are wellbeing related issues in youth are liquor and other medication use. Experimentation with psychoactive substance is across the board during youthfulness. Psychoactive substances are normally happening or counterfeit materials that follow up on the sensory system, modifying observations, states of mind and conduct. They go from normally happening substances, for example, liquor, which is created from the maturation of plant sugars by yeast, to fashioner medications, for example, bliss. Most young person try different things with various substances, comprising substance use and in some individual’s experimentation grows into routine or rehashed use known as substance misuse. They likewise occupied with â€Å"binge drinking† which emerging as of late. Hitting the bottle hard is characterized as the back to back ingestion of at least five standard beverages in under two hours. Different components of capricious medical problems is explicitly transmitted contaminations, juvenile sexual conduct may force a huge wellbeing danger to youngsters through a scope of explicitly transmitted diseases (STIs). Explicitly transmitted contaminations are bacterial and viral diseases that enter the body by means of the mucous layers of the mouth and the sex organs following physical contact. Explicitly transmitted disease incorporates syphilis, gonorrhea, genital lice, scabies, chlamydia, herpes, genital moles, hepatitis and HIV/AIDS. The explanation behind the high paces of STIs in young people is that this age bunch is increasingly inclined to sexual experimentation and unsafe sexual practices than other age gatherings. Hazardous sexual conduct incorporates unprotected sexual action without utilizing boundaries, for example, condoms, sexual action including numerous accomplices and sexual action including accomplices whose sexual is obscure. B. The effect on connections and ideas of self for people undertaking the progress is built up by an individual personality a key assignment of pre-adulthood is fruitful goals of Erikson’s psychosocial emergency of character versus job disarray. Distinguish development includes specifically incorporating a few parts of prior youth personality and disposing of others. Fruitful goals of the character emergency of puberty relies upon the chances to try different things with various social jobs and exercises. Singular contrasts distinguish accomplishment are because of culture, sexual orientation jobs , peer impacts, child rearing styles and life conditions experienced by youths, which may increment or lessening open doors for investigation. Self-idea depends on more conceptual convictions and qualities than the solid and relative thoughts of self during youth. Expanded of point of view taking capacity may uncover ‘true’ and ‘false’ selves comparable to collaborations with various individuals, yet this can reflect positive experimentation with various jobs that add to self-idea. Confidence diminishes fundamentally between kid self-idea and mid-immaturity, and more significantly for young ladies than for young men. The sex contrasts is most likely tied down to sex-job contrasts, more prominent self-perception disappointment in young ladies than in young men, and the differential lift to self-esteem that sentimental connections bring to pre-adult young men and young ladies. Parent â€child connections become less hilter kilter term s of the level of influence during youthfulness contrasted and adolescence, because of adolescent’s push for self-rule. There are wide individual contrasts in the level of self-governance accomplished by teenagers, contingent upon child rearing styles and social and sexual orientation based standards and demeanor. During adolesce, close same-sex inner circles and bigger, looser amalgamations of a few clubs called crow. Factions and groups give the setting to new cross-sex association, including sentimental connections. Companion bunch similarity inside clubs searches out various types of exhortation and backing from the two guardians and friends, Nonetheless, for minority inadequate child rearing and impacted with an off-base group will encounter a criminal profession, intensify the previous relational challenges that incline juvenile to savagery and being a posse individuals in the general public. Tormenting is likewise regular in the general public particularly youngsters in essential and secondary school, it can influence the psychosocial advancement of an individual. Positive companion connections incorporate same-sex fellowships that are high in closeness and shared help are both fundamental in crossing over to an effective sentimental connections which may likewise start during immaturity. During pre-adulthood, most people experience their first sexu

Customer LIfestyle and Behaviour

As indicated by ‘DC, it is significant for neighborhood organizations in Malaysia to have a decent comprehension of the commercial center for their items and their objective clients before drawing in themselves in web based retailing to guarantee that they can grow increasingly powerful ND meet the necessities and desires for their internet shopping clients (Deadline Chug AFAIK Hard, All. Kuwaiti, and Husbanding canister Small, 2006) Demographic impacts online shopper conduct Demographic dependent on factors like age, sexual orientation, salary and occupation which can impact purchaser conduct dramatically.Age Graph 1: Statistic for Malaysian Online Shopping-Age Sources: http://humanities. Com. My/mass/web based shopping-insights in-Malaysia. HTML Graph 1 above shows the Malaysian web based shopping which influenced by age. Measurement shows the most elevated position is 26 years of age to 30 years of age on the grounds that a large portion of trim are single and non-wedded cou ntries and they can buy in internet shopping. Be that as it may, the least position of the age is 21 years of age and underneath on the grounds that greater parts are understudies and they don't have budgetary to buy items and administrations rather than their money related is control by their parents.Gender Figure 1: Percentages of sexual orientation in web based shopping Sources: http://UCLA. Com/business-hemline-shopping-scenes tm_source=afterburner=feed=Feed:+Kclau+ In view of sexual orientations, measurement shows that guys (56%) are increasingly dynamic on web based buying while the females (44%) are making up for lost time. This is on the grounds that the greater part of guys are delicate in innovation contraptions and they are better in buying accommodation significant items. While, females buy items sincerely and independently, which implies more often than not they buy garments, shoes, sacks, beauty care products etc.Especially females who are beneath 21 years of age consi stently buy K-pop stuffs by means of internet shopping. Pay Table 1: Income in Malaysia Sources: http://www. acAcademiaedDueownload Figure above shows the normal of MaMalaysianannual salary. Countries who earned under RMARMY000 will consistently appreciate internet shopping since they can search for less expensive items. In any case, the recurrence of web based shopping will diminish if the salary expanding on the grounds that they have capacity to buy costly and quality items Occupation Chart 1: Statistic for Malaysian Online Shopping maMalaysiahtHTMLigure above shows the measurement of online shopping.The measurement shows that top administration official consistently used to web based shopping as they have to forward-thinking for the new items, innovations and frameworks so they can gain the benefit and lessen the expense. In any case, the vast majority of the resigned and jobless countries are loafers and they are not comfortable to internet shopping. Web based purchasing conduc t There are Top 6 Online shopping destinations in Malaysia. Nonetheless, each web based shopping website has their own qualities and forte. LeLongmyMynd eBay Malaysia are the most famous neighborhood sell off in Malaysia that you can scan at the least expensive cost of contraptions, DSDSSSLameras, PCs and fashions.Customers additionally can search for rebate and incredible proposal in this site. ZaAzaleamyMynd LuLovelaceashion are the most notable boutique sites that each client wants to peruse particularly females since they can purchase a great deal of garments, packs and shoes without transportation cost and each bought things will send to house. SuSuperblyalaysia is sponsored by MaMaybugor shop extravagance and quality items online at moderate expense. While BeBustyorld is the online shop for beauty care products, scents, healthy skin, make up and wellbeing care.Table 2: Summary of Top 6 online sites (independent) Frequency of Shopping Online Table 3: Frequency of Shopping Onlin e Sources: http://ssSSLaiApplobal. coComN/asAsiaxpress/documents/1090 Chart 2: Frequency of Shopping Online Sources: Self-made According to table 3 and graph 2, the most noteworthy level of recurrence of shopping on the web is about once per month (24%) and the least level of recurrence of jumping on the web is consistently (1 This is on the grounds that MaMalaysianre occupied in their work and family and there are a few people who are still accept that the security still dangerous.Respondents buy online Table 4. ; What respondents buy online ; http://ssSSLaiApplobal. coComN/asAsiaxpress/chronicles/1090 Sources. Graph 3. In view of the table 4 and diagram 3, garments and style extras are the most elevated rate which MaMalaysianill buy online on the grounds that there are numerous sorts of modest garments and they can search around before buy. ZaAzaleamyMys the model f garments and design extras site. Figure 2: ZaAzaleamyMyources: http://www. zaAzaleacoComy/YHowever, the most reduced level of procurement online is white (major) apparatuses, for example, cooler since buyers like to see the nature of the machines more than the cost. On the off chance that the nature of apparatuses is higher and the utilization is long, shoppers will stand to buy if the cost isn't so costly. Reasons of buying on the web Based on the pilot test, 73% of MaMalaysianre want to buy garments and design extras since it is elusive appropriate garments in a day and it is squandering of immimef they buy through disconnected shopping.They can do some examination like value, dispatching cost, administrations and assortments of items from various site. In addition, 40% of MaMalaysianoves to buy books from online on the grounds that there are a few books are not selling in Malaysia, for example, â€Å"DuDeducefrom China. These books are suggested by each Chinese instructor however because of the low interest, these are not gracefully in Malaysia. Thus, MaMalaysianho are keen on these books jus t can buy by means of on the web. In addition, they will set aside their cash as they will just immediate and concentrate on what they ought to purchase.Unlike disconnected shopping, MaMalaysianill purchase extra things rather than buy their requirements and needs, for example, physical stores that utilization the item situation and deals to draw in them to buy things. What's more, there are 25% of the countries will buy toys from online like flunkies, piupchucknd and so on. Besides, 24% of MaMalaysianrefer to buy clinical supplies and beautifying agents through online on the grounds that a portion of the clinical supplies and beauty care products hard to buy in Malaysia as they have not be affirmed by Malaysia's legislature. Natural factor drives/demoralizes of online shoppingEnvironmental factor incorporate political (likewise incorporates lawful) and social which will impact the web based shopping. In Malaysia, there are some digital laws to ensure countries for instance Digital Signature Act 1997, Computer Crime Act 1997, The Copyright Act 1997, The Communication and Multimedia Act 1998 and The Electronic Government Activities Act 2007 (NiKnitmoMostgoGobmyMy2010). Those are certain impact to countries who are chosen to have internet buying. In any case, social cases have influenced purchaser bebehaviorhat there are contrary occurrences were occurred for online purchasing.For model, countries dread of web based buying since it isn't security by means of online exchange, which implies there will be spsparen your PC like individual information and record number will be identified and taken. Negative effect from the natural factor will be difficult to help up Malaysia's monetary. Also, It is difficult to distinguish the nature of the item like the majority of youngsters these days like to purchase K-Pops' collections, banners, etc through on the web and they feel furious and frustrated that the items that they bought are not in acceptable quality.Psychological factor drives/disheartens of web based shopping MaMoscowierarchy can be utilized to speak to the mental components which created by Abraham MaMoscown year 1943. MaMoscowierarchy shows the drives and debilitates of internet shopping. Figure 3: MaMoscowierarchy Sources: http://www. psPsychologicallycoComlblobide-and-look for/201205/our-order needs MaMascotsierarchy is utilized on the grounds that MaMalaysianeed to have an agreeable and simple way of life. After they know the necessities and needs by means of web based buying, they will request wellbeing which is security in profound quality, family, wellbeing and resources.However, in the event that they got the negative input from loved ones, they won't onuntiedo buy items and administrations by means of on the web. Which means, countries must experience initial step which is physiological before they enter to different layers. China Demographic Age Figure 1: level old enough buy online Source: http://www. fzFizzlingcoComnfo/see/201 1 _6/1 51020438. htHTMLrom the diagram we can see that 18-30 years of age individuals is the most rate to pick web based shopping, the age underneath 18 rate is practically comparative with age somewhere in the range of 31 and 35. Ages at 36 above are less to pick online shopping.We likewise can see that age somewhere in the range of 18 and 24 the rate development quick. Fundamental this, we can now that in China, youngsters are more favor web based shopping than elderly individuals. Figure 2: level of salary buy online Source: http://www. emNearsightedlycoComouurinalshtHTMLarArticled723343&sh0†². FhFifthhe online buy bunch in China is more in low-pay family. It is get 62. 9%. (Lower than CNCCNY000 every month); the center livelihoods get 35. 5%. (Higher than CNCCNY000 yet lower than CNCCNY0000 every month); and the high pay family rate desire 1. 6%).Gender Figure 3: Gender level of China online buy. Source: http://www. liLionfishcoComcnCNNeb/oversea_show. asAspsArArticled3 4279 From this diagram, we can see that online buy in China, male is more than female. It is have distinctive with our conventional idea. The male to female proportion was 5. 4: 4. 6, marginally progressively male purchasers. Occupation Figure 4: Occupation level of web based shopping Source: http://www. liLionfishcoComcnCNNeb/oversea_show. asAspsArArticled34279 For occupation, understudy this gathering is get rate 20. 4%. Specialized, laborer and fundamental social laborer nearly get 39. %. Be that as it may, the significant level directors Just get 2. 2%. From that point we can see that the dissemination of Job, age, pay is t

Seedec free essay sample

The Pros of Steroid testing in High School In todays world, secondary school sports are an immense arrangement to numerous individuals. It can make a lot of cash, produce income for the secondary school and offer secondary school competitors the opportunity to play in the NCAA. Some secondary school competitors will go the extent that taking steroids so they can â€Å"bulk† up, which intends to expand bulk. They will take the necessary steps since they feel the opportunity to play sports in school is definitely more significant than their own body. What the competitors don't know is the negative impact of steroids makes, in their body. Steroids can cause profound emotional episodes and interior harm in the human body. Secondary school competitors additionally don't see how they will be taken a gander at in the event that they do get captured. Steroid clients are continually looked downward on by different competitors, since they see the clients as individuals who duped the game, and slighted the players who they play with. We will compose a custom paper test on Seedec or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Steroid clients are typically marked as miscreants even in the stars. There are numerous master competitors that have taken steroids and are currently taken a gander at as con artists. Stars, for example, Roger Clemens, Mark Mcgwire, and Marion Jones. These athletes’ professions are â€Å"forever discolored by their poor choices. † (Adler) However, despite the fact that steroid testing in secondary school may appear the undeniable â€Å"right† decision, numerous individuals are reluctant as a result of the measure of cash it takes to manage one steroid test on one secondary school competitor. In a test for 100,000 secondary school competitors in Texas 99% of all competitors didn't utilize steroids. Is it extremely worth the cash? Medication testing ought to be permitted in light of the fact that it gives a reasonable playing ground to all secondary school competitors. Steroids allow competitors to get greater and quicker. This is unreasonable to different competitors that really make a solid effort to develop themselves genuinely via preparing and weightlifting. There is a â€Å"relentless weight for secondary school competitors to win† (Scelfo) The weight might be so extraordinary for secondary School competitors that they may feel that it is important to take steroids. Secondary school competitors are likewise intensely affected by what they see and find out about expert competitors. What happens when they see their deities like Alex Rodriguez take steroid? What occurs in first class sports impact what occurs in schools and business gyms† (Butterworth) If tranquilize testing is directed to all secondary school competitors, it will make decency all through all secondary school sports. Medication testing may frighten a player into not taking steroids, since the person realizes that later on they will be tried for the utilization of st eroids. With Drug testing no secondary school competitor will have an uncalled for size preferred position over different players. This can be particularly hazardous in physical games, for example, football, hockey, and rugby. By the day's end individuals face the choice on the off chance that they ought to permit steroid testing. Steroid testing in secondary school supports sportsmanship. What might players realize whether they saw that it was alright to cheat in sports and take steroids? Society has a duty to show developing children in secondary school what’s right, and what’s wrong. All players on the two groups in whatever game ought to figure out how to regard each other on the playing field insofar as off it, and they will get familiar with these exercises by steroid testing’s. Charlie Hyvarinen, a multi year-old hopeful football player from a suburb of Cleveland, who demands he could never take steroids. Those are phony muscles, and its cheating, and it’s awful for you† (Adler) Athletes like Charlie are what all secondary school athlete’s qualities ought to resemble. Secondary school competitors need to realize that steroid use, isn't alright under any situa tion and individuals that do take steroids will be rebuffed. A huge factor in the discussion of steroid testing is that steroids can be hazardous to the human body. Steroids significantly increment testosterone levels which might be destructive to the human body. An expansion in testosterone levels can cause significant emotional episodes. â€Å"Teens are especially in danger on the grounds that the example of cycling on and off these medications meddles with their hormone levels, prompting emotional episodes and extreme discouragement. † (Butterworth) Taylor Hooton was a 6-foot-2-inch, pitcher for his secondary school baseball crew. Taylor in secondary school chose to utilize steroids bringing about significant emotional episodes. Later on he became â€Å"depressed and balanced himself from his room entryway on July 15, 2003. † (â€Å"A dismal and uncovering story of high schooler steroid use†) â€Å"Dionne Passacantando. A 17-year-old secondary school team promoter, athlete, and VP of her Allen (Texas) High School class, settled on a choice she laments. † (â€Å"A miserable and uncovering story of high schooler steroid use†) She purchased steroids. Dionne clarifies that it was so natural to acquire steroids, â€Å"It was simpler for me to get those than it most likely was to purchase beer† (â€Å"A tragic and uncovering story of youngster steroid use†) Dionne began to get self-destructive subsequent to taking steroids for an adequate measure of time, where the steroids were making her body go in overwhelming emotional episodes from time to time. Steroids are not Natural Supplements to the body, so it has many reactions, for example, Glaucoma, hypertension, and weight. Society must secure secondary school competitors, from genuinely getting injured from proposals symptoms. Steroids can make physical harm the human body and can likewise harm the psychological state by making self-destructive musings and significant emotional episodes to the human body. Steroid testing in secondary school is a massive issue. Individuals contend that finding that one individual who takes steroids is worth several bombed tests and many squandered dollars. What a secondary school competitor may not know is that the individuals who are for steroid testing likewise care about their wellbeing. They would prefer not to see a competitor get injured from the perilous reactions of steroids. Guardians of children like Taylor Hooton would prefer not to witness a similar result to different children who choose to take steroids.

GMAT Tutoring Approaches with Graham, GMAT tutor

Meet Graham Van Schaik! This week we're spotlighting Graham, a member of our GMAT tutor team. Grahamgraduated from MIT in 2012 with a degree in Materials Science and Engineering. Graham completed multiple internships with boutique investment banking firms, spent a year developing the curriculum of his own Math and Science Camp in his home state of South Carolina, and is eager to help students prepare for the SAT, PSAT, AP, and GMAT.He is currently in his 3rd year of Medical School at Vanderbilt, and will begin MBA studies at Harvard Business School in the fall of 2016. What’s beneficial about working with a private tutor for the GMAT? The GMAT is a different exam to different people. Working with a private tutor rather than sitting for a large bulk course allows individuals to get real-time feedback and assistance in targeted areas. These one-on-one interactions maximize GMAT scores and optimize a candidate’s chances during the application process. What would you say is unique about working with you? The makers of the GMAT are constantly redefining the exam to ascertain which candidates will be strong performers in the business school environment and beyond. They are gearing the exam towards individuals who are comfortable and capable in a variety of situations and environments. My background as an engineering major at MIT, a Junior consultant with IBM, a 3rd year medical student at Vanderbilt, and admitted Harvard Business School student, provide me with a perspective not shared by many individuals. What’s your overall philosophy to teaching the GMAT? My philosophy to teaching the GMAT is to maximize areas of strength, to improve areas of concern, and to minimize unnecessary errors that cost candidates points. What are the three most important things you think all GMAT students should know? 1) Speed and accuracy are key—The GMAT penalizes you for not completing a section. Attack the exam and don’t get bogged down if you don’t know an answer. 2) There will be questions that make you shake your head—The test is designed to have a mix of easy through very hard questions. Don’t let a tough question shake you. 3) Pace yourself and use your breaks—The exam gets tedious. Maximize your breaks and make sure you eat. Your brain needs fuel to work at its peak. What’s the most common GMAT fear you see among incoming students? The most common fear that I see among incoming students is that a bad GMAT score will prevent them from getting into their top choice program. While schools publish GMAT means, 50% of individuals accepted to these institutions have scored below that published mean. Yes, your score is very important, and bad days do happen, but you can always take the exam again. Make a plan for studying, stick to it, and do your best to not get bogged down by â€Å"what ifs.† How do you accommodate different learning styles? One-on-one meetings allow a tutoring team to get to know one another quickly. No two people learn in the exact same way and it is crucial to ascertain how someone learns best. I seek to do this as quickly as possible so that I may tailor my guidance to the individual I’m working with. This way, time spent with me is as efficient as it can be. How much time should I dedicate to studying for the GMAT? How much time you spend studying for the GMAT depends on a number of factors, both internal and external. Some candidates may do better with shorter study days and a longer overall duration of prep, others may wish to, and do better with, longer days over a shorter duration. Through conversation and productive exchanges, I get to know my clients and together we figure out their habits and preferences. How do you recommend dealing with GMAT test anxiety? The best way to deal with GMAT test anxiety is to set up a good study plan and to execute that plan. When you’re preparing to the best of your ability, and you trust your plan, anxiety is lessened and confidence builds. ; Other topics on the GMAT: GMAT Tutoring Approaches with Greg, Boston-based tutor GMAT Tips to Finally Get Over That Plateau! What GMAT/GRE Tutors Talk About on Dates ...and more!

Marilyn Manson s Music Video Based On A Song The Dope...

â€Å"The Dope Show† is Marilyn Manson’s music video based on a song â€Å"The Dope Show† from the album â€Å"Mechanical Animals†. The video was directed by Paul Hunter. Marilyn Manson was the co-director. The video was filmed in the beginning of August 1998 and has its premiere on 20th August in the same year. In the music video can be seen the leader of the rock band, Marilyn Manson himself, who appears in the area of Hollywood Hills as an androgynous, red-haired person. In the further part of the video the singer is being kept in a mysterious laboratory and then transported to a place where he performs a music concert as a leader of his rock band. He performs in front of amazed fans who are being under control of the police. The video starts with a flash of white light (key light), close-up on syringes and the main character in the video. The singer may be seen in a vast mountainous area. The light represents the dominant light source in the scene. (Jackson, 2010, p. 196) It seems to be a signifier of the importance of the person who is in the middle of action. A big number of quick zooms indicates both him and mentioned in the beginning of the paragraph objects. It leads to conclusion that they may be considered as keynotes in the music video (Jackson, 2010). The syringes filled with a liquid that may be considered as a kind of drug, which is present in the whole video. It leads to a conclusion, which may suggest that drugs are synecdoche that represents a wide range of harmful

Prejudice and Racism in Heart of Darkness Essay - 872 Words

Heart of Darkness: Racist or not? Many critics, including Chinua Achebe in his essay An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness, have made the claim that Joseph Conrads novel Heart of Darkness, despite the insights which it offers into the human condition, ought to be removed from the canon of Western literature. This claim is based on the supposition that the novel is racist, more so than other novels of its time. While it can be read in this way, it is possible to look under the surface and create an interpretation of Conrads novel that does not require the supposition of extreme racism on the part of Conrad. Furthermore, we must keep in mind that Conrad was a product of a rather racist period in history, and†¦show more content†¦About Kurtz, Marlow tells us: His was an impenetrable darkness. I looked at him as you peer down at a man who is lying at the bottom of a precipice where the sun never shines (Conrad 117). The reference is to Kurtzs altered mental state, we learn on the next page: I s aw on that ivory face the expression of sombre pride, of ruthless power, of craven terror - of an intense and hopeless despair (118). The reference is clearly not to Kurtzs physical darkness - Marlow describes him as ivory - but rather to a mental darkness. The departure of Marlow and Kurtz from the Congo also corresponds to the end of Kurtzs life: The brown current ran swiftly out of the heart of darkness, bearing us down towards the sea with twice the speed of our upward progress; and Kurtzs life was running swiftly, too, ebbing, ebbing out of his heart into the sea of inexorable time (115). Thus, it seems that Kurtzs life has become identified with the river - and the river is thus a psychological, not a physical, object. The description of Marlows travels upriver are also worth considering. He tells us that [g]oing up that river was like travelling back to the earliest beginnings of the world, when vegetation rioted on the earth and the big trees were kings... There were moments when ones past came back to one... (Conrad 55-56). The last sentence quoted here seems to indicate that the voyage up the river is the voyage of oneShow MoreRelated Prejudice and Racism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness1361 Words   |  6 PagesRacism in The Jewel in the Crown and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   The effects of British colonialism are reflected in literature from both early modernism and post colonialism. Racial discrimination tainted both eras portrayed in the British morale of white supremacy over non-European counties unfolded. Heart of Darkness exemplifies early modernism in the British explorers viewed African natives of the Congo as incapable of human equality due to perceived uncivilized savagery. Personal interactionRead More Prejudice and Racism - No Racism in Heart of Darkness Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesNo Racism in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   Chinua Achebe challenges Joseph Conrads novella depicting the looting of Africa, Heart of Darkness (1902) in his essay An Image of Africa (1975). Achebes is an indignant yet solidly rooted argument that brings the perspective of a celebrated African writer who chips away at the almost universal acceptance of the work as classic, and proclaims that Conrad had written a bloody racist book (Achebe 319). In her introduction in the Signet 1997 editionRead MoreEssay Prejudice, Racism and Power in Heart of Darkness977 Words   |  4 PagesRace and Power in Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   In Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, the socially constructed differences of African and European cultures are effective in representing the power sites of the time. The alleged `superiority of the European culture can be recognized by comparing their ideologies to those of the primitive, `inferior `savages. Conrads personal experiences in the Belgian Congo, in the 1890s, influenced the compilation of Heart of Darkness, reflecting theRead More Prejudice and Racism in Heart of Darkness Essay3434 Words   |  14 PagesRacism in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Heart of Darkness is a social commentary on imperialism, but the characters and symbols in the book have a meaning for both the psychological and cultural aspects of Marlow’s journey.   Within the framework of Marlow’s psychedelic experience is an exploration of the views the European man holds of the African man. These views express the conflict between the civilized and the savage, the modern and the primordial, the individual and the collective, the moralRead More Prejudice and Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness  Ã‚   Imagine floating up the dark waters of the Congo River in the Heart of Africa. The calmness of the water and the dense fog make the hairs stand up on the back of your neck as you wonder if the steamboats crew will eat you as you sleep. These things occur in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. Although the book is undeniably racist, was the author, Joseph Conrad, racist? Conrad was racist because he uses racial slurs, the slavery and unfair treatment ofRead More Prejudice in Heart of Darkness: Racism is a Relative Term Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesHeart of Darkness: Racism is a Relative Term Racism is a relative term. 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Jeremy Hawth orn’s â€Å"The Women of Heart of Darkness† is another well-known criticismRead MoreHeart of Darkness971 Words   |  4 Pagesin Heart of Darkness, or does Achebe merely see Conrad from the point of view of an African? Is it merely a matter of view point, or does there exist greater underlying meaning in the definition of racism? br2. How does Achebes personal history and the context in which he wrote An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness reflect the manner in which he views Conrads idea of racism in the novel? br3. Taking into account Achebes assumptions and analysis of racism in Heart ofRead MoreExploring the Horror of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness990 Words   |  4 PagesHorror of Heart of Darkness nbsp; nbsp; nbsp; The horror, the horror! Kurtz exclaims prior to his last breath of life on earth. In those final moments, Kurtz was able to say something so true about the whole mess of human life. A life dominated by the fittest, perceived differently through each human eye, and full of judgement lacking understanding of all sides. The various ways the world is viewed causes many problems amongst its people. Whether they are about racism, wealth, orRead MoreHeart of Darkness/Apocalypse Now808 Words   |  4 PagesHeart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad and â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, a movie directed by Francis Coppola represent two outstanding examples that compare relevant ideas regarding racism, colonialism, and prejudices. The two combine film along with descriptive language to portray their mastery during different eras. For Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses his writing techniques to illustrate Marlow in the Congo, while in â€Å"Apocalypse Now†, Coppola uses film editing and c lose ups on important scenes with unique

Land Securities Group Plc Essay Example For Students

Land Securities Group Plc Essay 1. Assume there are three separate real estate companies US Realty (which uses the cost model), UK Realty (which uses the revaluation model, and International Realty (which uses the fair value model). Assume that on December 31, 2003, each company pays ? 1,000 cash to obtain investment property comprising of land with negligible value and an office building worth ? 1,000. The building has a 10 year useful life, has no residual value, and is expected to provide a constant stream of economic benefits over time. What is the accounting entry for each company for the following four scenarios: a. On December 31, 2003 acquisition b. On December 31, 2004 assuming the investment property fair value is ? 1,300 c. On December 31, 2005 assuming the investment property fair value is ? 1,100 d. On December 31, 2006, assuming the investment property fair value is ? 500. US Realty (cost model): 1000, 900, 800, 700 UK Realty (revalution model): 1000, 1300, 1100, 500 International Realty (Fair value): 1000, 1000+300(unrealized gain), 1300-200(unrealized loss), 1100-600(unrealized loss) Using Exhibit 10 as reference, what financial analysis challenges arise as a result of these differing accounting models? 2. Which model (cost, revaluation, or fair value) provides the most relevant information? Which model provides the most reliable information? Fair value is the most relevant and the cost is the most reliable. 3. How does each model affect Land Securities’ balance sheet? Income statement? Can the firm assess the impact of adopting the fair value model on previous years’ key performance metrics, such as â€Å"profit on ordinary activities†? 4. Which model, cost or fair value, would you recommend Land Securities adopt? Why? Although cost method provides more reliable evaluations, I recommend Land Securities adopt the fair value method which gives more relevant information in the company’s financial statements. Firstly, when we are looking at the background of the company, Land Securities was an investment property firm located in the U. K. hich adopted IFRS in 2005. Investment property firms invest in property to generate rental income and/or long-term capital appreciation. This distinguished from property used in production or for administrative purposes, as well as from holding property for sale in the ordinary course of business. Both rental price and long-term capital appreciation are related to the current fair value of the properties, because the rate of any rental property is influenced by its fair value of this property and long-term capital appreciation is determined by fair market value. In addition, as an UK company, revaluation model was adopted before 2005 which is quite similar with fair value model. Lots of high qualified independent appraisers can work on evaluation under fair market value model intermediately. Secondly, fair value model offers more accurate balance sheet and income statement. The fair value model lists investment properties on the balance sheet at their fair value. Any changes in fair value are recorded directly to the income statement as other gains or losses. Therefore, under fair value model, investors can obtain more relevant and accurate information. 5. The FASB and IASB are actively seeking to eliminate differences between US and international accounting standards. However, investment properties are reported under the cost model in the US, while IFRS allows either the cost or fair value model. Should FASB also allow the fair value model? In my viewpoint, the FASB should allow the fair value model to reconcile the differences between US and international accounting standards, but not right now. As we all know, fair value model can provide at least more relevant and also reliable information in a good fair value model system. However, more professional and fair appraisers will be needed to evaluate and update the information frequently. If most U. S. companies cannot afford the cost of appraising, they will still use cost model which is also allowed in international accounting standard. In this situation, in order to improve comparability, the companies which begin to adopt fair market model may have to disclose financial information under both models.

Norse Mythology and Loki free essay sample

In Norse mythology, the evil trickster, deceptive, mischievous, and scheming, is one of the most well-known characters in Norse mythology. He was a trickster figure, as well as a shape-shifter. He could become any animal that he wanted to. That is how he can be the mother of Odin’s 8 legged horse Sleipnir. He was the father of two sons, Nari and Vali, by his wife Sigyn. He also fathered the monsters Hella, Fenris, and Jormungard the world serpent with the giantess Angurbooa as their mother. In the references I checked out, Lokis name is mentioned more than that of any other god, although Odin and Thor seem to be the most well known in modern times. He was a participant in many of the god’s adventures, often accompanying Odin, or Thor, on their travels, though he was always stirring up trouble. There are different stories on whether Loki was a god or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Norse Mythology and Loki or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In a lot of Norse stories Loki was not a god but a giant, the son of the Farbauti and Laufey. Although he was usually an antagonist to the gods, he sometimes lived in Asgard, the realm of the gods. The gods and the giants were enemies, but some stories have Loki had taken an oath with Odin that made them blood brothers, and because of these ties, the other gods enjoyed his company and tolerated his excesses and schemes Loki was always thinking up new angles, sometimes these worked to the advantage of the gods, but often they led to disastrous consequences. One of the better outcome stories when Loki hatches a plan to cheat the architect and builder of the wall around Asgard, a giant, out of his payment. Assuming the shape of a mare, Loki seduced the giants stallion Svadilfaeri. The horse was essential to completing the work on time, and this delayed the giants task by not allowing him to finish the wall in the time he agreed to. In this case, the gods were grateful for Lokis intervention, for had the giant finished on time, they would have had to turn over the sun, the moon, and the beautiful goddess Freya to him. As a result of this episode, Loki, as a mare, gave birth to Odins eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Loki had a hand in the disappearance of the goddess Idunn. He lured her in to the woods so that she could be kidnapped by the giant Thiassi. Since Idunn was the keeper of the golden apples of youth, which the gods needed to eat to keep from growing old, they were anxious to get her back, and they therefore forced Loki to use his trickery and magic to retrieve her from Jotunheim. To do this he turns Idunn in to a nut and returns to Asgard with her. When Thiassi tries to get her back he is killed by the gods. In another story Loki cut off the beautiful blonde hair of Thors wife, Sif. Thor was ready to kill him, and Loki, fearful but always scheming, promised to make Sif a better head of hair out of pure gold that would root and grow just like real hair. Loki then went to the Sons of Ivald, dwarfs of the forge. He had them make not only the golden hair for Sif, but also a magic spear, Gungnir, which later belonged to Odin. But Loki wagered with two other dwarf smiths, Eindri and Brokk that they would be unable to forge objects comparable to those made by the Sons of Ivald. Brokk and Eindri then forged the magic arm ring Draupnir, and Mjolnir, the magic hammer that Thor was to use ever after. When the gods had seen all these marvelous objects, they declared that Brokk and Eindri had won. Loki had wagered his head to Brokk, but managed talk him out of his head and to just saw-up his lips so that he could not fast talk his way out of situations. But Loki painfully pulled the threads out of his wounds and was free to lie again, and the gods were the beneficiaries of the wonderful magic creations the dwarfs had made. Lokis most terrible deed before the end of the world, however, was to cause, through trickery and sheer maliciousness, the death of Balder, Odins beautiful and peaceful son, whom all the other gods loved dearly. Loki disguised himself as an old woman and tricked Balders mother Frigg into evealing Balders weakness which was mistletoe, and then tricked Balders blind brother, into killing Balder by throwing a sprig of mistletoe at him and killing him. Because of this Loki was taken to a deep cave. The gods took three stone slabs, set them on edge, and made a hole in each. They sent for Lokis sons Vali and Nari. The gods turned Vali into a wolf, and he immediate ly tore his brother to pieces. Then the gods took Naris entrails and used them to bind Loki across the stones, with one stone under his shoulders, one under his loins, and one under the backs of his knees. Once bound, these cords turned into iron. Next the giantess Skadi brought a poisonous snake to the cave and set it above Lokis head. Then she let the poison drip onto his face. There they left him, and there he would stay until the time of Ragnarok, when he would break free of his bonds, summon up all the wretched souls in Hel, and lead the forces of evil in battle against the gods. But until then he would remain bound, with his faithful wife, Sigyn, holding a basin over him to catch the poison drops. When the basin filled she would go to empty it, letting the poison drip for a brief time onto Lokis face.

Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration

Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration Introduction Healthcare administration faces ethical dilemma in providing prime health services and maintaining the economic status of the healthcare system concurrently. The administration must stringently balance health services and economic issues that are intrinsic to the healthcare system. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hornbeak explains that, health care administrators have critical role â€Å"†¦in overseeing the moral conduct and missions of their institutions while at the same time maintaining the economic viability of those institutions, but these two major functions can clash and create dilemmas that complicate the practice of health administration† (2011, p. 1). The ethical issue regarding economic viability of health care institutions elicits ethical dilemma where two views arise. The first view questions how he alth care institutions can ethically concentrate the administrative functions on the issues of health only and remain economically viable and sustainable at the same time. The second view ethically doubts the administrative capacity to juggle both health care and economic issues, without compromising the primary role of offering quality health care in the society. Therefore, how does the health care administration resolve the ethical dilemma amidst demands of quality health care and economic constraints? Ethical dilemma Health care systems have a noble responsibility of ensuring that they provide quality health care services that are affordable and accessible to all people. Other responsibilities such as integration of business practices into the system seem to have encumbrance effect that would lead to compromised health care services. The integration of business practices into the health care system has elicited ethical concerns that have resulted into ethical dilemma in the adm inistrative responsibilities. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) â€Å"expanded its patient rights standards to include requirements for assuring that hospital business practices would be ethical in 1995† (Laura, Cherry, Darragh, 2009, p.1). JCAHO established ‘patient rights and organization ethics’ that classified two types of ethics involved in health care administration; clinical and business ethics. Clinical ethics govern the relationship between healthcare and patients while business ethics deal with the relationship between health care and its suppliers.Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, the health care system is struggling to resolve the ethical dilemma that threatens to stall provision of quality health services and sustainable utilization of health care resources. Ethical concerns root for the dist inction and separation of clinical ethics and business ethics in order to avoid complications of the responsibilities in the health care system. Laura, Cherry and Darragh argue that, â€Å"while marketing and admission practices are seen as issues related to ‘business’ they can lead to unneeded admissions or demand for unneeded services, both of which can unnecessarily expose the patient to the risk of side effects or complications† (2009, p. 2). Without clinical and business ethics to streamline the relationship between essential and non-essential health care services, the business aspect would take precedence since profits is the ultimate objective. On the other extreme, stringent clinical ethics may render health care system economically unviable resulting into poor healthcare services. Therefore, health care systems have great challenge of resolving the ethical dilemma that threatens the quality provision of services and sustainability of resources. Health Care Ethics Historically, healthcare system has been focusing on the clinical ethics while neglecting the importance of business ethics. By doing this, the healthcare system erred because â€Å"†¦it sought to deal with specific clinical ethical issues before assessing the ethical organization life and ethical infrastructure of the whole system which has affected the resolution of the ethical dilemma† (Silva, 1998, p.26). Clinical ethics govern the relationship between the healthcare system and the patient by ensuring that health professionals do not comprise the quality of health services that patients receive. According to healthcare professional ethics, the primary goal of any health institutions is provision of quality, affordable, and accessible health care services that improve health standards of the people. However, integration of business ethics into the healthcare system is a threat to clinical ethics. Although the primary goal of the health care system is pro vision of quality services, it is impossible to sustain the use of available resources without venturing into business. Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Ethical Dilemma in Healthcare Administration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health institutions are in strategic position to conduct lucrative businesses aimed at improving the quality of services they offer to patients. Faced with this truth, healthcare administrators have a challenge of balancing the clinical and business ethics because there is tendency to neglect clinical ethics and concentrate on the business ethics. Healthcare institutions have become business oriented in the United States since â€Å"†¦health care organizational culture has shifted from a service oriented one to a monetary oriented one characterized by product lines, stocks, profits, competition, megamergers and, ultimately, survival† (Silva, 1998, p. 3). The survival of the health care system may entail increasing the costs of services, falsifying diagnoses, admitting or discharging patients unprofessionally with the prime objective of earning profits. Solution to Ethical Dilemma To address the ethical dilemma in the healthcare system involving clinical and business ethics, the administration should focus its attention on building cultural and ethical infrastructure to regulate all activities in a health organization. In addition, the administration should instill ethical principles to healthcare professionals at all levels of the organization through education and strong leadership that advocates for the postulated ethics. Silva argues that, â€Å"in any attempt to change the values of an organization †¦ the contents of the existing organizational culture must be dealt with directly for positive change to occur† (1998, p. 4). Therefore, the issue of clinical and business ethics calls for cultural and ethical infrastructure for it to hav e a lasting solution. The resolution of the ethical dilemma requires an overhaul of organizational culture and ethics. Change in cultural and ethical infrastructure is imperative as it provides professional environment where ethics guide all healthcare practices. Advertising Looking for article on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate leadership is not enough to transform cultural and ethical infrastructure because â€Å"not only the leaders but also the followers must ascribe to common, sound, and shared ethical values, just as unethical leadership can taint followers, morally tainted followers can impede or stop the goals of ethical leaders† (Laura, Cherry, Darragh, 2009, p. 7). Therefore, transformation of the cultural and ethical infrastructure needs concerted efforts of both the administrative and health professionals. Conclusion The ethical dilemma in the administration of healthcare system is affecting the delivery of quality services and sustainability of the health resources available. The healthcare system administrators face the challenge of striking a balance between clinical ethics that seek to provide standard services to the patients and business ethics that take care of the sustainability of health resources. Since both clinical and business ethics are critical in the healthcar e system, cultural and ethical infrastructure is essential for the resolution of the long-standing ethical dilemma and the realization of defined administrative roles. References Hornbeak, J. (2011). Health Administration Ethics. Spring Journal, 12, 1-10 Laura, J., Cherry, N., Darragh, M. (2009). Organizational Ethics and Health Care: Expanding Bioethics to the Institutional Arena. National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature, 9(5), 1-14. Silva, M. (1998). Organizational and Administrative Ethics in Health Care: An Ethics Gap. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16, 1-11.

Diamond Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diamond Industry - Essay Example The hallmark of the trade of gem diamonds is its remarkable concentration; that is, diamond cutting and wholesale trade is limited to few locations. This paper will outline the PESTLE that stands for political, economic, social, technological, legal and The cartel, which is the character of the diamond industry, has created a barrier to entry in the diamond industry. Taking this step has made it impossible for new entrants into the diamond industry. According to Greenhalgh (2005, p. 105), the changes experienced in the industry has led to the rise of three major diamond companies such as Alrosa, RTD and BHPB . The changes involve the discovery of other diamond fields in countries that De Beers no longer have control and the political disorders taking place in the diamond producing countries which are still developing. The dynamic trend in the industry has made it possible for junior companies to rise. To enable the industry have a bigger share in the industry, there has been merging and acquisition for junior companies in the past few years. In addition, the strategy laid by Australia of operating in the niche market, such as rare-high priced and colored gems, without hurting the industry leader, has opened aspects of the industry that were not easily accessible. Unlike other industries, the structure of diamond industry does not does not grant the buyers the bargaining power. Over the years, the denied bargaining power has been the trend in the industry. In return the the global economic crisis has hit the industry causing a fall in demand for diamond. With the fall in demand, it meant that there could be an oversupply and a reduction in price. To control this, De Beers ordered for a reduction in diamond production. However, De Beers and other mines including those in Canada stopped the production to as a result of the economic crisis. As a result, there was a low supply for diamonds with increasing demands in other markets such

International HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International HRM - Essay Example In this paper, the potential issues that are encountered by the HR managers during overseas operations will be discussed. In order the evaluate the potential problems that are posed to arise in the way of managing an internal level ethnically and culturally diverse workforce, situational analysis appears to be a basic necessity. This situational analysis is aimed at evaluating the global business conditions that are responsible for creation of ethnically and culturally diverse workforces. So the first sub-topic in this discussion is that what are the importance and role of a multi national company (MNC) in the age of globalization? Traditionally, most of the functional MNCs had headquarters located either in USA or UK. Particularly after World War II, the US and UK companies embarked on a policy of consistent world wide expansion, especially in Europe following the implementation of politico-economic measures such as the Marshall Plan (Ferner et al, 2004). But after the break up of Soviet Union, situation changed dramatically. Developing countries and erstwhile communist states began shifting from a conservative socialist economic model towards a liberalist capitalist market framework. Therefore, just after little more than a decade of the fall of communism and decline of international Soviet financial aid, powerful corporations emerged in the developing economies too. In this way, the â€Å"new geography of FDI flows† came into being (UNCTAD, 2004). These FDI flows were not exclusively outflows or inflows. In fact, combinations of FDI outflow and inflow began to germinate between Western countries and Asia Pacific region as early as the 1980s when Japan, China, and Taiwan initiated industrial reforms (Glover and Wilkinson, 2007). In this way, it should be understood that today’s MNCs represent the zeal of the early phases of globalization which advocated for adoption of global standards

The Impact of Media on Behavior Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Media on Behavior Essay This chapter presents the background, problem statement, purpose, specific objectives, the scope and the significance of the study. This study intended to find out the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth using a case study of orphanage homes found in Rubaga division Kampala District 1.1: Background to the problem. Several past researchers have had interest in the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in different contexts. For instance the research by Wingson (2009) was about the effects of mass media on teenager. He notes in this research that mass media has become part of everyone’s daily life. He adds that the development of technology is rapid in the world, from telegraph, radio, to TV, computer, mobile phone. He further noted that media makes the lives of the people at ease, along with Information and Communication Technologies they produce to increase the standard of living for the people to spend time. He concludes that, teenagers can easier to get mass media in computer. They can through computers to know different types of mass media that they want to have. Dr. Baumrind (1966) studied how parents responded to the needs of their children, parental responsiveness and how that determined a child’s  behavior. She also looked at how they demanded things from their children, in terms of their behavior. She used these two measures of parenting to form her seminal parenting styles theory, which would shape the voice of psychology and criminology well into the 1990’s. The research by Farinola, Donnerstein, (2001) was on sexuality and mass media. The research shows that sexual talk and displays are increasingly frequent and explicit in this mediated world. The research adds that sexual content that ranged from flirting to sexual intercourse had increased from slightly more than half of television programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the programs in the 1999-2000 seasons, while the research of Rahaman Onike (2007) was social and health implications of teenage pregnancies. The research notes that the incidence of teenage pregnancy has become a global issue as a result of its consequence on population health, growth and development. Lastly Crystal, (1990) carried out research on the causes teenage pregnancies. His research shows that teenagers’ risky sexual behaviours are major factors which predispose them to unwanted pregnancies. He adds that non -perception of risks in their sexual behaviours and lack of adequate information about reproduction and sexual health issues are largely responsible for teenage pregnancies. The research concludes that sexual behaviours of the teenagers depend largely on societal constrictions and the level of cultural permissiveness which dictate the modes of sexual practices While much research concerning teenage pregnancy deals with either causal factors or prevention strategies, more information is needed about issues relating to parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies. All these past researchers isolated the above relationship a gap the proposed study intends to fill. All in all, with the above theoretical and contextual gaps raised, a study of the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies is not only timely but also long overdue. In the context of this study, parenting style is seen as a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use bin their child rearing. There are many different theories and opinions on the best ways to rear, children, as well as differing levels of time and effort that parents are willing to invest (Wikipedea 2010). Many parents create their own styles from a combination of factors, and these may evolve overtime as the children develop their own personalities and move through life stages. A parenting style is affected by both the parents’ and children’s temperaments, and is largely based on the influence one’s parents and culture. However, for the purposes of this study, parenting style will be understood to refer to the way parents bring about their children. It will include the things that parents do to impart discipline and good behaviors in their children as accepted in the context of Uganda. According to Wikipedea (2008), mass media denotes a section of the media specifically designed to reach a large audience. The term was coined in the 1920s with the advent of nation wide radio networks, mass circulation of newspapers and magazines. However for the purposes of this research mass media will be used to mean news papers, magazines, radio stations and television programs related to issues of teenagers. In the context of this study, teenage pregnancy can be described as the pregnancy that occurs to the females between 13 – 19 years. This is more prevalent in Africa than other continents of the world. Akindele Oscar (1999) also defines teenage pregnancy as conception by children who are below the age of 21 resulting from either marital or pre-marital sex. Peer pressure refers top the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitude, values or behavior in order to conform to group norms Akindele Oscar (1999) 1.2: Statement of the Problem. According to Barnaba A (1998), youth peer pressure is one of the most frequently referred to forms of peer pressure. It is particularly common pressure because most young people spend large amounts of time in fixed  groups such as schools and sub-groups within them regardless of their opinion of those groups Meier (2008). In addition to this, they may lack the maturity to handle pressure from friends. Also, young people are more willing to behave negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups and relief from stress. They need to better understand their condition and choices for care. However, this is not the case for teenagers in most cases most vulnerable persons do not receive good parenting and in most cases they are more exposed to information without restriction. As a result most of the teenagers engage in more risky sexual behaviors they see in the magazines, in the news papers and on television. It is for this reason that this study sets out to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies in Rubaga Kampala District 1.3:Purpose of the study The purpose of the study will be to establish the relationship to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies in Rubaga Kampala District. 1.4:Objectives of the study 1.To establish the relationship between parenting styles and teenage pregnancies 2.To establish the relationship between mass media and teenage pregnancies. 3.To establish the relationship between peer pressure and teenage pregnancies. I.5:Research questions 1.How do parenting styles contribute to the risk of teenage pregnancies? 2.What is the contribution of mass media on the risk of teenage pregnancies? 3.How does peer pressure contribute to teenage pregnancies? 1.6:Scope of the study The study will be conducted in five selected orphanage homes found in Rubaga division of Kampala. Rubaga Division has five orphanage homes namely Sanyu Babies home, Nalukolongo, Hope Orphanage Home, Wakhissa Ministries, Cobap Nakulabye Project. Rubaga Division is selected because of its location in the heart of Kampala district and being a division with many community based  organizations. The content scope of the study will be based on the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies. 1.7:Significance of the study The findings of the study could be of value to Rubaga division residents because the research will help them identify strategies which can work for them as regards combating teenage pregnancies. To future researchers, the results of the study may support future researchers in having a basis for comparison of parenting styles and teenage pregnancies. Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) could find the study useful because it would enable them lobby policy makers and government to provide appropriate community services as regards the youth. To the youth, the results of the study will help them on knowing the best strategies of avoiding teenage pregnancies. Media houses may find it useful as it may help them in choosing the best programs for the youth. 1.8:Conceptual Frame work Fig 1: A conceptual framework showing the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancies among the youth. The conceptual framework shows that parenting styles mass media influence and peer pressure have got an impact on the youth that in turn make the youth prone to pregnancies. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0:Introduction Teenage pregnancy has become a growing concern nowadays and hence it has become imperative to look into the various causes of teenage pregnancy in  order to deal with this issue carefully. Teenage pregnancies are widely discouraged because the of health risks they raise for the young mothers and their babies. This problem is more prevalent in developed countries, particularly USA. As the name itself indicates, teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy in young girls, mostly aged 13 to 17 years. Pregnancy at such a tender age is primarily due to lack of sex education. Lack of awareness about the causes and effects of teenage pregnancy is more often than not, a result of lack of proper communication between teenagers and their parents. Therefore, it is the duty of the parents to impart adequate sex education and education regarding reproductive health to their adolescent sons and daughters so that their children become aware of the various aspects related teenage sex and pregnancy. Schools and society also need to emphasize the risk factors associated with unprotected sex as well as the outcomes of unplanned teenage pregnancy, not to mention the significance of moral and ethical values. Lack of sex education is the most important but not the only cause of teenage pregnancy. Following are some other teenage pregnancy causes that can not be ignored. Teenage pregnancies create a host of other problems like incomplete education, unemployment, poverty, social embarrassment and numerous other emotional traumas. Further, early motherhood also affects the psychological development of the child adversely. Besides, bodies of teenage girls are not as developed as those of adult women in terms of childbearing, therefore they are likely to face certain complications as well. Moreover, the chances of maternal death can not be ruled out. Therefore, analyzing the various causes of teenage pregnancy can help a great deal in addressing this issue effectively and eventually reduc ing the cases of teenage pregnancies. 2.1:Parenting styles and the risk of teenage Pregnancy among the youth Despite what teens may say, their parents do play a critical role in determining what influences them. In many ways, parental behavior and the nature of the parent/teen relationship influences a teens decision to smoke, take drugs, become sexually active, and use contraception. Parental behavior can also affect teenagers choices to join a gang or participate in criminal activity. As a parent, you play a vital role in helping your child avoid risky behaviors. Actively listening to what your teen has to say will pave the way for conversations about topics that concern you, but setting harsh, unbending  rules may only drive your teen toward negative choices. If parents have a dominating parenting style and arent knowledgeable about their teens activities and interests, it is more likely that their teen will engage in risky behaviors. On the other hand, teens who report feeling connected to their parents are the least likely to engage in risky behaviors. Obviously, the reason at the base of any pregnancy is sexual intercourse. But several researchers would like to know why the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy is so widespread. The easiest answer is making an analysis of the relationship between parenting styles and the sexual behaviors that cause teenage pregnancies among the youth. Parents employ several strategies to influence the sexual behavior of their adolescent children. Parenting styles, parental communication and expectation and role modeling have an impact on the likelihood of teenage pregnancy. The influence of parenting strategies on teenage pregnancy is similar for male and female youth because pregnancy comes as a result of sexual intercourse between the two. Therefore teen pregnancy prevention programs should emphasize helping parents develop effective discipline coupled with warmth and support and high educational expectations. Research has shown that one of the causes of teenage pregnancy is the lack of a sense of personal responsibility for their own actions, lack of maturity, and most importantly a lack of knowledge regarding sexual intercourse and contraception. Related to this, teen pregnancy is often closely associated with poverty, limited education and employment opportunities. 52% of teenagers admit not understanding sex or birth control and this is a reflection of one of the most fundamental causes of teenage pregnancy, ignorance. Indeed, teens in North America, especially girls, are bombarded with mixed messages concerning intercourse. Sex is seen as immediate gratification with no consequences, but preparing for sex makes a girl promiscuous. Sex is seen all over the television and in videos, but equal treatment for birth control methods is completely absent. Open discussions about intercourse are very rare. If an adolescent girl experiences low expectations for her future or lack of control over her life, she is more likely to get pregnant. Depression in general is another one of the causes of teenage pregnancy, leading girls to engage in risky sexual activity. Abuse of alcohol or drugs also leads to poor choices about sex and contraception, often ending up in pregnancy. Growing up in a family  without an adequate amount of love or a father figure may also be one of the causes of teenage pregnancy; an adolescent girl will fall prey to the attentions of an older man in the hopes of receiving affection. Most girls are pressured by their boyfriends into having intercourse because they believe this will make their b oyfriends love them more. There is a relationship between teenage pregnancy, sexual behavior, and family type. Students from lone parent and/or teenage mother initiate families more commonly report sex, lack of contraception at first sex, and/or conceptions by age 15/16, and such associations can be explained by low parental strictness, difficult parent-child communication, and/or low parental input into sex education. Girls and boys from lone parent families or having mothers who are teenagers when they were born are more likely to report sex but not lack of contraception at first sex by age 15/16. Girls and boys with mothers having them as teenagers, and boys but not girls from lone parent families, are more likely to report being involved in conceptions by age 15/16. Teens say their parents influence their decisions about sexual activity more than any other source, according to a survey conducted by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Also, when asked where they learned the most about preventing teen pregnancy, more teens said parents than friends or the media. Most studies show that the risk of teen pregnancy is reduced by open communication with parents, sharing of family values, and parental involvement in teens lives. Teenagers are less likely to start having sex when their mothers are deeply involved in their lives and successfully communicate their values on sex. Research has shown that stressing abstinence to teens is best, but also talking to them about contraception is not viewed as a mixed message by 70% of adults and by 80% of teens. Boys may be more influenced by fathers, siblings and peers on their decision to have intercourse. In a loving, supportive, and open way, parents need to communicate their feelings on premarital sex clearly to their teen in order to help their teen make important decisions regarding sex. The absence of positive family interaction and parental support, such as emotional support, closeness, and communication, can lead to a wide variety of risky behaviors among teens. Parents need to talk to their teens, consistently set rules and expectations for their teens behavior, and monitor what their teen does. Parents can support positive peer  relationships by giving their teenagers their love, time, boundaries, and encouragement to think for themselves. Previous research has attributed a girls increased risk of pregnancy to the possible consequences of a father leaving lower family income, conflict at home and weak parental monitoring. Girls whose fathers left either before they were born or up to age 5 were seven to eight times more at risk of becoming pregnant as an adolescent than girls living with their fathers. A fathers departure between ages 6 to13 suggested a two to three times greater risk of becoming pregnant. Having no father usually means less household income and a greater chance of other disadvantages, such as domestic violence or a depressed mother. Sometimes parents need help talking to their children about such difficult topics as teenage sexuality and pregnancy prevention. Teenage pregnancy prevention must be a way of life and a natural and integral way of thinking for children as the actions that lead to or away from teenage pregnancy lies squarely, and at the end of the day, solely with their teenage children. Children will be greatly influenced by the parental example that has been given them to follow is clear, but they will have to decide for themselves what actions they will take in any given circumstance. Sometimes parents need help talking to their children about such difficult topics as teenage sexuality and pregnancy prevention. Teenage pregnancy prevention must be a way of life and a natural and integral way of thinking for children as the actions that lead to or away fr om teenage pregnancy lies squarely, and at the end of the day, solely with their teenage children. Children will be greatly influenced by the parental example that has been given them to follow is clear, but they will have to decide for themselves what actions they will take in any given circumstance. A child who can openly and honestly speak with their Parents about anything and everything literally has the greatest single gift, and the largest possible safety net, a Parent can provide to their child. Children need to know how Parents feel about sex. They need to know the reasons for and against engaging in sexual behaviors and the possible consequences regarding each course of action. Discuss your views about sex and its proper time and place in a healthy and happy life. Parents should just start talking and see where the conversation takes them. Children are taught in school the importance of safe sex and the use of condoms to prevent an unwanted pregnancy and/or sexually transmitted  diseases, including AIDS. Parents should ensure their children understand these issues even if the plan is for their children to not be sexually active at this time in their lives. Having a clear understanding of safe sex practices can prevent a teenage issue that leads to sex from being a larger and more damaging issue than it has to be. Parents need to know who their children are spending time with. They should get to know their children’s friends and their friend’s family. Friends who share common thoughts and beliefs are more likely to support children in wholesome and proper activities. In the parenting style taken up by the parents, there should be clear family rules regarding the age at which our children can start dating, and those first dates should be group events engaged in wholesome activities. Parents should also realize that the risk of teenage pregnancy increases dramatically when girls date boys who are 1 to 3 years older than they are. Parents who can help their children see a bright future are the same Parents who are helping the cause of teenage pregnancy prevention. The chances of teenager delaying sexual activity are greatly increased if their futures appear bright, they have goals for their future, and they can see how proper behavior and correct actions will help them get to where they want to go in life. Teenagers who are active and successful in school are more likely to have a clear vision for their future, and hence avoid behavior that could put at risk the future they want to achieve. Parents should help their children to believe in themselves, to have a healthy self-image and positive self-esteem and enjoy a solid vision for their happy tomorrows. Parents should help teenagers to see that their choices of today will directly affect their tomorrows. Having that clear vision of a bright and hopeful future makes teenage pregnancy prevention a logical and welcome avenue to the future life our children desire so desperately to enjoy. Some parents help children know their parts and to learn their lines well, so that when the action scenes of their lives are lived they can be the hero of their own stories and avoid the heart ache scenes that don’t have to be a part of their productions. 2.2:Mass media and the risk of teenage pregnancies among the youth. Mass media is designed to reach large audiences with technology. Its purpose is meant to give us entertainment and information we need to act as a society. Media is everywhere; there is no escaping from it. Almost every home in urban areas has at least one TV, the  internet, and a cell phone. There are more forms of media available today than ever before; consequently, teens are exposed to a lot of information. The media is supposed to portray what is normal; therefore, it affects what society considers normal. Teens are much more impressionable then adults. What the media tells them is normal affects them more. The media’s portrayal of body image affects teens negatively through using stereotypes, encouraging sexual behavior, and promoting unnecessary products. The media portrays single parent homes, teen pregnancy, and the social issue that America faces in a positive light. Music Television (MTV) has several shows which portray teen pregnancy as a positive attribute of life: Teen Mom and 16 and Pregnant. Teen Mom is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV on December 8, 2009. The perceived sensitivity of sex as a research topic and a focus on television t o the exclusion of other media unfortunately has restricted the kind of research that has been done. Much of the empirical work has been analyses of content that allow only speculation about what effects the content might have on audiences. But an emerging set of studies that go beyond content to address how audiences select, interpret, and apply sexual content suggests that the media may play an important role, especially for young people Steele, (1999). The mass media are an increasingly accessible way for people to learn about and see sexual behavior Wikipedea, (2010). The media may be especially important for young people as they are developing their own sexual beliefs and patterns of behavior and as parents and schools remain reluctant to discuss sexual topics Roberts, (2000). In the United States, young people spend 6 to 7 hours each day on average with some form of media. A national survey in 1999 found that one third of young children (2 to 7 years old) and two thirds of older children and adolescents (8 to 18 years old) have a television in their own bedroom. Many of those televisions also are hooked up to cable and a Videocassette Recorder (VCR) (Roberts, 2000). Sexual talk and displays are increasingly frequent and explicit in this mediated world. One content analysis found that sexual content that ranged from flirting to sexual intercourse had increased from slightly more than half of television programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the programs in the 1999-2000 season. Depiction of intercourse (suggestive or explicit) occurred in one of every 10 programs (Kunkel, Cope-Farrar, Biely, Farinola,   Donnerstein, 2001). Many teens admit that sexualized content in film, television and music helps influence them to engage in sexual activity before they are ready. One fifth to one half of music videos, depending on the music genre for example country, rock, rap portray sexuality or eroticism DuRant et al., (1997). Two thirds of Hollywood movies made each year are R-rated; most young people have seen these movies long before they are the required 16 years old Greenberg et al., (1993). Although teen girls and womens magazines, such as Seventeen and Glamour have increased their coverage of sexual health issues over the past decade, the majority of advertising and editorial content in these magazines remains focused on what girls and women should do to get and keep their man Walsh-Childers, Gotthoffer, Lepre, ( 2002). The Internet has increased dramatically the availability of sexually explicit content. Computer and Internet use is diffusing more rapidly than any previous technology; as of the end of 1999, more than half (56%) of all adults in the United States were online. It is expected that by 2010 most U.S. homes with children will have access to the Internet Taylor, (1999). The word sex is the most popular search term used on the internet today Cyber Atlas, (2001). The internet may have both positive and negative effects on sexual health. According to one national survey of young people (10-17 years old) who regularly used the internet, one out of four said he or she had encountered unwanted pornography in the past year, and one out of five had been exposed to unwanted sexual solicitations or approaches Finkelhor, Mitchell, Wolak, (2000). At the same time, a number of sites, such as the American Social Health Associations iwannaknow.org, promote healthy sexual behavior and provide young people with advice on communication in relationships as well as methods for protecting against sexually transmitted diseases. Despite increasing public concern about the potential health risks of early, unprotected sexual activity, most of the mass media rarely depict three Cs of responsible sexual behavior: Commitment, Contraceptives, and consideration of Consequences. Although more than half of the couples who engage in sexual intercourse on television are in an established relationship, 1 in 10 are couples who have met only recently; one quarter do not maintain a relationship after having sex Kunkel et al., ( 2001). Only about 1 in 10 of the programs on television that include sexual content  mentions the possible consequences or the need to use contraceptives or protection against STDs. Unintended pregnancies rarely are shown as the outcome of unprotected sex, and STDs other than HIV/AIDS are almost never discussed Kunkel et al., (2001). Abortion is a taboo topic, too controversial for commercial television and magazines Walsh-Childers et al., (2002). The urge to have sex and get pregnancy is now stronger because of the fact that one has an encounter with media. There are teenagers who are getting pregnant just to be on these reality television shows.Teen sexuality is influenced by the mass media today more than any other time in history. Internet, television, music video and sexually explicit lyrics all contribute to adolescents’ attitudes and behavior concerning sexual activity. Only 9% of the sex scenes on 1,300 of cable network programming discusses and deals with the negative cons equences of sexual behavior. The Internet and the anonymity therein allow adolescents real concerns relating to false information on health issues, sexuality, and sexual violence in the world of intimate sexual relationships. In 2006, a survey conducted by The Observer in Britain showed that most adolescents in Britain were waiting longer to have sexual intercourse than they were only a few years earlier. In 2002, 32% of teens were having sex before the age of 16; in 2006 it was only 20%. The average age a teen lost his/her virginity was 17.13 years in 2002; in 2006, it was 17.44 years on average for girls and 18.06 for boys. The most notable drop among teens who reported having sex was 14 and 15 year olds. One group of Canadian researchers found a relationship between self esteem and sexual activity. They found that students, especially girls, who were verbally abused by teachers or rejected by their peers, were more likely than other students to engage in sex by the end of the Grade 7. The researchers speculate that low self esteem increases the likelihood of sexual activity: low self-esteem seemed to explain the link between peer rejection and early sex. Girls with a poor self-image may see sex as a way to become popular, according to the researchers. 2.3:Peer Pressure and the risk of teenage Pregnancy among the youth The incidence of teenage pregnancy in relationship with peer pressure has become a global issue as a result of its consequence on population health, growth and development. It is undoubtedly a worldwide concern since the Cairo  international conference on population and development held in 1994 has raised it as an issue among others. Teenagers are children who fall within the chronological age of twelve to nineteen years. Teen, of course, is a period when a child begins to develop secondary sexual characteristics, started to assume higher social responsibilities and started to express sexual feelings and desires. This is a delicate period in the life of the children for all physical changes have great impacts on the psychological functioning of the child. Teenagers’ risky sexual behaviours are major factors which predispose them to unwanted pregnancies. Non perception of risks in their sexual behaviours and lack of adequate information about reproduction and sexual health issues are largely responsible for teenage pregnancies. Sexual behaviours of the teenagers depend largely on societal constrictions and the level of cultural permissiveness which dictate the modes of sexual practices (Crystal, 1990). Biological determinants, socialization agents such as family, peers, religious institutions and mass media have powerful repressive effects on teenagers’ sexual behaviours. An adolescent female in need of money is likely to be tempted to engage in pre-marital sex by friends who come from rich families or those that use sexual activity to get money and this could result into incident of unwanted teenage pregnancy. Students whose parents are low income earners face the higher risk of engaging in pre-marital sex and this could eventually lead to teenage pregnancy and increase in drop out rate of school. Lack of adequate knowledge of sexuality education accounts for increase in teenage pregnancies. This is because; information about sex is got from peers who may also be less knowledgeable. Knowledge of sexuality education is essential to the development of right sexual attitudes and behaviours. When adequate and accurate information are not available, many teenage students would accept miss-information for truth. Peer group influence is another factor that predisposes teenagers to early and unwanted pregnancies. According to the result of the study conducted by Oladepo and Akintayo (2001), peer group influence was ranked first among the causes of teenage pregnancies. Free mixing of the opposite sex also linked with prevalence of teenage pregnancies. Akinboye (1982) in his contribution states that unrestricted interactions and social activities regularly involving male and female adolescents tend to create an atmosphere for inter-personal  affection, love and even result into sexual activities. Peer influence on the youth sometimes is related to going out or visiting different places where one may learn risky behaviours. Watching sexual stimulating magazines and movies may expose the teenagers to early sexual life and unwanted pregnancies. Participating in nude festivals and watching of pornographic films and images on the internet are also risk factors. Family instability and disorganisation which may be caused by poverty, lack of mutual trust and understanding between parents may cause child neglect and consequently could result into teenage pregnancy and increase in drop out rate of the school. Legalization of abortion and early exposure to sexual life can cause teenage pregnancy. According to the report of a study conducted in Nigeria by Nicholas in 1986, he found out that 24.4 per cent of the girls by the age of 15 years have had sexual intercourse, 63 per cent by 18 years while half of the Nigerian females have become mothers before the age of 20 years. Peer influence is also directly and indirectly related to pre-mature drop out of school which is also a factor which predisposes female students to fall a victim of teenage pregnancy. The drop-out female students after leaving the school due to one reason or the other find it difficult to cope with life; so, took to hawking and in the process may get impregnated. In this case friends may influence one to get married or to join businesses. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0:Introduction This chapter presents the research design, population, sampling strategies, data collection methods, data collection instruments, data quality control, data collection procedure and data analysis that will be used in the study. 3.1:Research design The study will use an explanatory survey design that will be quantitative and descriptive in nature. This design was chosen because it can appropriately investigate the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer  pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in orphanage homes in Rubaga Division of Kampala District. Orphanage homes are chosen because, in most cases these are the places where the children who are victims of unwanted pregnancies are taken for care. 3.2:Area of study The study will be conducted in Rubaga Division in Nakulabye Parish that is COBAP Nakulabye, Nalukolongo Orphanage home, Sanyu Babies home in Namirembe Bakuli Parish, Hope Orphanage home and Wakhissa Ministries in Bakuli. Five orphanage homes will be randomly selected as they are the only orphanage homes available in the area of study. The researcher will also go to 3 radio stations in the area of study that is Super FM, Central Broadcasting Service and Ssuubi FM. 3.3:Study population The study will involve 60 care providers and employees of the orphanage homes at least 12 from each of the selected orphanage homes. 15 employees of radio stations in the area of study will also be used to answer questionnaires. At least 5 employees from each radio station that is Super FM, Central Broadcasting Service and Ssuubi FM. The researcher will target presenters of those programs related to the topic of study. Children from the orphanage homes are left out because in most cases they are young and below 18. The researchers may even seek for secondary data from the records available. Questionnaires will be used for they are to bring out concerns and needs of the target population in relation to the care providers and children under care. The care providers are chosen because they are in direct administration of the affairs regarding the children and they are equipped with information about unwanted pregnancies 3.4:Data collection The main instruments for data collection were interview guides and questionnaires. Questionnaires will be administered to collect data about the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth in orphanage homes in Rubaga  Division of Kampala District. 3.5:Procedure and data collection The researcher obtained an introduction letter from the department of Mental Health and Community Psychology from her supervisor. The researcher then will approached the administrators of the five orphanage homes and the three radio stations and introduced herself with the help of the letter. The researcher then will ask for permission to conduct research in these organizations and their areas of operation. The different respondents, service providers are to be requested to consent before the questionnaire is administered on to them. Informed consent will sought after the respondents are assured that the research findings are to be treated as confidential. 3.5:Data analysis Data collected will be edited, categorized or coded and organized in themes and there after it will be analyzed in line with the objectives set at the beginning of the study. For the quantitative data, tally method will be used manually, similar responses will be grouped together to ascertain the number and percentage of respondents who came up with similar views. For qualitative data, views and opinions of respondents will grouped, analyzed and established if they have a bearing on the relationship between parenting styles, mass media, peer pressure and the risk of teenage pregnancy among the youth. All this will be done by use of frequency tables and tabulations at the level of report writing and presentation. 3.6:Limitations of the study 1Willingness of the organization management to allow the researcher to use the premises during the research period. This is because sometimes information broadcasted is kept confidential and people are keen on exposure. 2The results of the study may depend on some respondents’ willingness to answer the asked questions 3Literature available about the subject may be limited and difficult to access. 3.7:Ethical considerations Informed consent will be sought after the respondents are assured that the  research findings are to be treated as confidential. Participation in the study will be voluntary and individuals will be free to participate or not to participate even withdrawing from the study will be accepted. Since there is a lot of stigma attached to unwanted teenage pregnancy, only individuals who are willing to disclose will be studied. 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